An Osage Indian, Little Eagle Color Photo Dated 1928

An Osage Indian, Little Eagle Color Photo Dated 1928

Rare colorized photo of the Osage Indian called Little Eagle, taken in 1928.

Blackfeet Indians Historic Photo Gallery

Blackfeet Indians Historic Photo Gallery

Blackfeet Indian Chicken Dancers, 1915

Blackfeet Indian Braves

Blackfoot Indian called Bear Shield

Blackfoot Indian Male (no date)

A Blackfoot Indian male called High Eagle. Example of traditional clothes and blanket.

Another photo of High Eagle

Blackfoot Indian called Duck Chief with his wife and granddaughter 

Duck Chief, Blackfeet Indians

Blood on the Ohio: Tales of Frontier Terror

Blood on the Ohio: Tales of Frontier Terror

                                                                             Get it Here

Accounts of murders, torture, and massacres of colonists and Native Americans were reported in early historical journals. Heinous stories, that will bring a renewed understanding of the terrible costs of western expansion; a cost paid in full by the Natives and those that thought it just to take their lands.

At the beginning of the year 1754, a few colonists' cabins began to appear on the western side of the Allegheny mountains, The British western expansion gave rise to the French and Indian War. The conflict was begun over French and British claims over the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio. From 1775 - 1783, during the American Revolution, resources and manpower, was unavailable to the beleaguered settlers. Another ten years would pass before the Native Americans relinquished their lands.

Native Americans and colonists were engaged in a war of extermination that included women and children. Numerous atrocities being committed by both parties. Somber tales that few have read, but reveal the heavy price in blood that both parties paid for those lands of the Ohio River.

Abenaki Indian History

Abenaki Indian History

Abenaki Photo Gallery

     The present spirit of inquiry into the early history of New England is bringing forth additional facts and evolving new light, by which we are every day seeing more clearly the true motive and incentives for its colonization. But whenever the student turns to investigate the history of the aboriginal tribes, who once inhabited this part of the country, he is struck, not so much with the paucity of materials, as with the complication and difficulties which our earlier and later writers have thrown around the subject, as well as the very different light with which they have viewed it.

     The first explorers of our coast, whose intercourse with the Indians was limited to trading for furs and skins, seem to have had a much better opinion of them than Mather, Hubbard, and some still later writers. It is not to be supposed that while a large part of the population were smarting from the distress of almost continued Indian wars, that even the most candid could coolly investigate and impartially record the history, character, and wants of such a people. But the time has arrived, when, divesting ourselves of all prejudice, we can examine carefully their true situation, and making allowance for their condition, write their history with fairness and candor.

The present sketch is confined to a brief notice of the tribes who inhabited the territory now constituting the States of Maine and New Hampshire, all of which may be considered as embraced under the name of Abenakis, or more properly Wanbanakkie. It has often been supposed that this name was given them by the French, but it is undoubtedly their original appellation, being derived from Wanbanban, which may be defined the people of aurora borealis or northern light.

                                                        Abenaki Indian Canoe

     It is only now intended to sketch their earlier history, and to trace the various emigrations to the present residence of the Abenakis proper, in Canada; and viewing this tribe as the living representative of our extinct ones, to consider its interesting history, so clearly connected with New England frontier life, although most of that history is but a record of war and wretchedness.

      The celebrated discoverer, Capt. John Smith, in his general history, furnishes the earliest and most reliable description of the Indians on the coast of Maine, as they were in 1614; other writers give accounts of tribes there, some of which it is difficult to distinguish or locate; but it may be best to consider all that were residing in the two States above-mentioned as embraced in about eight distinct tribes, namely: Penobscots or Tarrentines, Passamaquodies or Sybayks, Wawenocks, Norridgewoks or Canibas, Assagunticooks, Sokokis or Pequakets, Pennacooks, Malacites or St. Johns.

       The Penobscots were probably the most numerous and influential tribe. Their chief or bashaba was said to have been acknowledged as a superior as far as Massachusetts Bay. They occupied the country on both sides of the Penobscot Bay and River; their summer resort being near the sea, but during the winter and spring they inhabited lands near the falls, where they still reside. It is somewhat strange to find a tribe numbering about five hundred still remaining in their ancient abode, and, though surrounded by whites, retaining their language, religion, and many of the habits and customs of centuries past, with a probability of perpetuating them for ages to come. Their name is from penobsq, rock, and utoret, a place, literally, rocky-place,—which no doubt refers to the rocky falls in the river near their residence. It is not supposed that many of this tribe emigrated to Canada, although they had constant intercourse with that country.

                                                            Abenaki Indian Wigwam

      The Passamaquodies were found occupying the northeastern corner of Maine, if, as it is generally supposed, they are the descendants of those seen and described by De Monts, who spent the winter of 1604 near their present head-quarters. Their subsequent history for more than a century was but a blank, as in all that time they are not mentioned by any writer, or named in any of the treaties, till after the conquest of Canada. This omission is certainly strange, as in the ones of 1713 and 1717 now published in this volume, mere fragments of tribes are named and represented.

Still, if any reliance can be placed on their own traditions, they had resided for generations previous to the Revolution around the lower Schoodic Lake, where the recent discovery of stone hatchets and other implements of an ancient make would seem to verify their assertions. They also point out the place of a fight with the Mohawks, who two centuries ago carried terror into all the Indian villages from Carolina to the Bay of Fundy. It is probable that from their distant inland and secluded position, as well as their limited numbers, they were in no way connected with the various wars which the other tribes waged against the colonists, and so were unnoticed. As their residence on the lake was nearer Machias than any other available point on the sea coast, it may be that to trade with this people the trading house was established there by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630, and they were often called the Machias Indians. Although their intercourse has long continued with Canada, up to this time they have sent no emigrants there. They number at present between four and five hundred souls, and still adhere to the religious forms taught them by the Jesuits. This tribe designate themselves by the name of Sybayk.

                                    Abenaki Indina Chief Dark Cloud Photographed in 1918

    The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them. From their situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine. In 1747 there were but a few families remaining. At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749, they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada. The Canibas or Norridgewoks occupied the valley of the Kennebec, from the tide water to its sources; their principal residence was at Norridgewock. Here the Jesuit missionaries, at an early period, taught them their religious faith, and by sharing with them their privations and hardships, obtained a controlling influence over them.

    As they inhabited fertile intervale land, they gave more attention to agriculture than any of the neighboring tribes, and appear to have been originally more peaceably inclined towards the whites than some of their neighbors. Residing so far inland, they were but little acquainted with the prowess of the whites, and sent out their war parties to commit murders and depredations on the unprotected settlers, without expecting a retribution on their own heads. After a long succession of murders and captures in the English settlements, by this tribe, instigated, as was believed, by their priest, Sebastian Rasle, an expedition was sent against them, consisting of about two hundred men, who killed about thirty Indians, including Rasle, and destroyed the place, without the loss of a man. This broke their power, but they continued to reside there for many years, and gradually retired to the St. Francis,—the last family migrating near the end of the last century.

                                    Abenaki Indian Woman Fallen Star Photographed in 1918

    The Assagunticooks were a numerous tribe who inhabited the country along the whole valley of the Androscoggin; and although their lands were not occupied by whites, they were frequently bitter enemies, and were the first to begin a war and the last to make peace. Their location gave them easy access to the settlements, from Casco to Piscataqua, which they improved to glut their thirst for blood and slaughter. About 1750 they moved to Canada and joined the St. Francis tribe. They could then muster about one hundred and fifty warriors, and being much the most numerous tribe that emigrated there, it is supposed they had the greatest influence, and that their dialect is more truly perpetuated than any other in that confederacy.

The Sokokis inhabited the country bordering on the Saco River, but were mostly limited to its head waters. Their villages were located on the alluvial lands in what is now Fryeburg, Me., and Conway, N. H. The Pegwakets and Ossipees were either identical with or branches of this tribe. In 1725 Capt. John Lovewell with about fifty soldiers, on a scouting adventure in the vicinity, fell in with a war party of the tribe, and a sanguinary battle ensued, disastrous to both parties. Their chief, Paugus, was slain; and within a short period the remainder of the tribe, dispirited by their misfortunes, retired to Canada.

                                                            Abenaki Indian Couple

The Pennacooks were probably the only occupants of the waters of the Merrimac, and perhaps included nearly all the nations who resided in what is now the State of New Hampshire. Their principal residence was at Amoskeag Falls, the site of the present manufacturing city of Manchester. It is usual to name the Pennatuckets, Wambesitts, Souhegans, and some others as tribes, but there can be no doubt they all owned fealty to the head sagamore of the Pennacooks, and were only branches of that tribe, as were all the Indians on the Piscataqua and its waters. It is also probable the small band of Cowasacks, on the upper Connecticut, were of this tribe. The Pennacooks must have been at one time a numerous community, and were less warlike than any of the Abenaki race. It is likely they were more disposed to cultivate the soil, and their historian, Judge Potter, represents them as amiable and friendly to the whites. Notwithstanding, they were the earliest emigrants to Canada. They left their pleasant hunting grounds with regret, and often returned to cultivate their ancient fields; but few of them resided permanently there after about 1700.

It is proper to add to the names of the original Abenaki tribes, that of the Malacite or Amalecite, who have always resided on the St. John. It is not known that any part of this tribe emigrated to Canada with those of Maine, but in 1828 about thirty families emigrated there, and settled on a branch of the River Verte. But the largest part still reside in New Brunswick.

We come now to trace the emigration of the Abenakis to the banks of the St. Lawrence. As the Jesuits had been in constant communication with the tribes in Maine for more than half a century, the Indians had learned the way to Quebec, and it is probable that during Philip’s war some of the tribes obtained arms and ammunition from that place. During this war the Pennacooks, under the influence of their chief, Wonnolancet, had remained neutral, and in July, 1676, at Chocheco, signed with some others a treaty of perpetual peace. Still, the feeling of the whites was so strong against all the race, that they placed little reliance on their former good conduct or present promises. A few months after this treaty, they induced a large number of Indians, from the various tribes, to come to the same place, and where all the militia of the provinces had assembled, and while professing to practice some sham evolutions, the Indians were suddenly surrounded and captured. Many of the prisoners so treacherously obtained were executed, and others sold into slavery for having been in arms against the whites.

Although Wonnolancet and his tribe were discharged, this breach of faith must have taught him that he could not rely on the white man’s promise, and that neither he nor his tribe was safe on the Merrimac. With this feeling he, with a part of them, left for Canada in the autumn of 1677. Although he subsequently returned to visit his former hunting and fishing grounds, his real home was, for the remainder of his life, near Quebec, and he with his band became the nucleus of the Indian settlement there; but it is not apparent that he was at any period the enemy of the English. Abenaki Pics Here

In the course of the war, nearly all the tribes in New England had been more or less involved in it. The colonists now looked upon them as a conquered race of heathen, and that their duty was to drive them out, and enjoy their lands in the manner of the Israelites of old. On the other hand, the Indians who had made terms of peace, having now for the first time realized that they had not the ability to cope with the English in war, and could not trust their friendship in peace, naturally looked to the French as the protectors of their villages and hunting grounds. Many of them were willing to place themselves and their families under their care.

Hopi Indian Symbolic Rituals and Dance

Hopi Indian Symbolic Rituals and Dance

The beliefs of a tribe, philosophical, religious, and magical, are, for the most part, expressed in objective ceremonies. The formal procedure or ritual is essentially a representation or dramatization of the main idea, usually based upon a narrative. Often the ceremony opens with or is preceded by the narration of the myth on which it is based, or the leader may merely refer to it on the assumption that everyone present knows it.

As to the purpose of the ceremony, there are those who maintain that entertainment is the main incentive, but the celebration or holiday seems to be a secondary consideration according to the explanation of the primitives themselves.

If there chances to be a so-called educated native present to answer your inquiry on the point, he will perhaps patiently explain to you that just as July Fourth is celebrated for something more than parades and firecrackers, and Thanksgiving was instituted for other considerations than the eating of turkey, so the Hopi Snake Dance, for instance, is given not so much to entertain the throng of attentive and respectful Hopi, and the much larger throng of more or less attentive and more or less respectful white visitors, as to perpetuate, according to their traditions, certain symbolic rites in whose efficacy they have profoundly believed for centuries and do still believe.

Concerning the Pueblos (which include the Hopi), Hewett says: "There can be no understanding of their lives apart from their religious beliefs and practices. The same may be said of their social structure and of their industries. Planting, cultivating, harvesting, hunting, even war, are dominated by religious rites. The social order of the people is established and maintained by way of tribal ceremonials. Through age-old ritual and dramatic celebration, practiced with unvarying regularity, participated in by all, keeping time to the days, seasons and ages, moving in rhythmic procession with life and all natural forces, the people are kept in a state of orderly composure and like-mindedness.

"The religious life of the Pueblo Indian is expressed mainly through the community dances, and in these ceremonies are the very foundations of the ancient wisdom...."

Dance is perhaps hardly the right word for these ceremonies, yet it is what the Hopi himself calls them, and he is right. But we who have used the word to designate the social dances of modern society or the aesthetic and interpretive dances for entertainment and aesthetic enjoyment will have to tune our sense to a different key to be in harmony with the Hopi dance.

Our primitive's communion with nature and with his own spirit have brought him to a reverent attitude concerning the wisdom of birds, beasts, trees, clouds, sunlight, and starlight, and most of all he clings trustingly to the wisdom of his fathers.

"All this," according to Hewett, "is voiced in his prayers and dramatized in his dances—rhythm of movement and of color summoned to express in utmost brilliancy the vibrant faith of a people in the deific order of the world and in the way the ancients devised for keeping man in harmony with his universe. All his arts, therefore, are rooted in ancestral beliefs and in archaic esthetic forms."

Surely no people on earth, not even the Chinese, show a more consistent reverence for the wisdom of the past as preserved in their myths and legends, than do the Hopi.

The War of Extermination Against the Apaches Indians.

The War of Extermination Against the Apaches Indians.

     In the last two hundred to fifty years have passed no less than nine tenths of the original inhabitants of the present United States of North America from the ground disappeared. Even immediately after the first half of the seventeenth century the Puritan Pilgrim Fathers, the founders of the domination of Anglo-Saxon race in America, entering the bottom of the new world had been with this work of destruction commenced. In the chase and kill the heathen Indians saw these pious men nothing wrong: on the contrary, when the Indians a great slaughter was done right, this fact [174]with the holding of a general think Thanksgiving is celebrated.

     Between the Atlantic and the Mississippi life nowadays only a few thousand Indians, and also in the vast lands between this "Father of Streams" and the Pacific disappears one tribe after another. The newspapers bring us into these days messages from the bloody struggle with the Modoc Indians on the borders of California and Oregon: a struggle with the utter destruction of these Indians must end. But the tribes of the northern prairies are in motion, and various signs appear on an upcoming general struggle to interpret. We see here in the full sense, a struggle for life. The weak zoogoed they can defend themselves, but they are by the stronger, without any excuse or humanity to work, mercilessly destroyed. The weapons with which this cruel war of extermination is conducted, are of different nature: smallpox, syphilis, brandy and gifts of the whites-especially his no less formidable than needle guns or revolvers. The Indians felt like instinct that their days are numbered, that they eventually against the contact with the whites can not withstand. The foreign invaders take over the land in possession, in the prairies, where the wandering nomad in the hunt for the countless herds of bison that once inhabited the immense loneliness, a living place. The bison, further and further reduced, disappear, and with them disappear the Indians, whose life and existence was inseparably linked with theirs.

     The brown did fit without mercy on the white barbarian to the right of retaliation, and both parties have each other in terms of cruelty and atrocities absolutely nothing to blame. The Redskin, like a wild animal hunted and shot, cheated, robbed and beaten, avenges where and as he can: he puts the harvest on fire, he makes the homes and farms in blazing flames, he skalpeert, murders, abuses without distinction, young and old, women and children.These wars are in full focus race wars, and they can and will not cease before the original inhabitants exterminated, or only here and there in scattered groups remain, which then self-extinction.

     The policy of the Federal Government against these Indians had been very unwise. The men, chance and the caprice of the moment to put Washington at the helm, have repeatedly shown not the slightest understanding of the main truths and principles of ethnographie. This is apparent not only from the by bloody violence by regular slave emancipation and the absurd equation of the half-barbarous negro population with the whites, but also from the onbekookte measures against the Redskins made and ill-tasting, whose failure ahead with certainty was foreseeable. It is simply impossible, the prairie dweller, the rondzwervenden nomad, hunting and fishery, which lives to create a civilized farmer or artisan, who draws upon a certain place and there quietly on his business. Nature itself has given him the inclination and aptitude for such a life remembered: he has a free, unfettered life; him this is impossible, then he goes to ruin. A century long experience has confirmed the truth of this remark.

     Now the American government to the Indians of their ancestral land appear deprived and trapped them inside so-called Reservations : that is, their land designated a certain extent, beyond which they are not allowed. Very often while at least not on their needs in view, and in several reservations they can not live, because the necessary resources to maintenance are lacking. However, the law provides that anyone who crosses boundaries of the designated region, will be regarded as outlaws, whom thus "broken" Indian shoots, commits no murder! The Redskin knows in such a reservation has nothing to start, his whole nature compels him with irresistible power, outside, beyond, in the wide world to go, and where to roam. He follows this impulse, he vogelvrij.-The whites of their hand, however care  not least to the legal provisions on these reservations and rights of the Indians. Do they want land, then they expel the Indians from there. The government in Washington has expressly forbidden it, that a white area of Indians, but of course it bothers one is not, the Redskins are easily dislodged, and through their country one captures railways. The white settlers consider neither law nor justice, nor fairness, they take possession of what they like, and if they were one reason or another, less public violence deem preferable, then they resort to other means. They tease and torment and harass the stimulus bear Indian and bring him to despair, and when it finally to violence is that they themselves have provoked, then once with a great cry an extermination war against these inveterate enemies preached. In Congress and in the government circles, where no one who can have just about enough money, ever in vain helpers and protectors search will find these adventurers and speculators always willing defenders and spokesmen. Recently, openly in Congress proved that $ 600.000 were taken into account for the battle against a tribe of Dakotahs, which does not exist, the swindlers also had the effrontery, the payment of another $ 250.000 to insist for alleged deliveries!

                                                             Apache Indian Reservation

     We now know that the Apaches the boundaries of their designated area have exceeded their vast lands in Arizona and New Mexico  their raids into Sonora extend. They rob, burn and murder, drove them as an evil demon, it is indeed the fury of the [175]despair. Now scream and whine about the Yankees the barbarity of these , bloodthirsty" of all the Redskins, and completely recover their extermination. And the man who currently occupies the presidential chair at Washington, in a truly American message, full of rude and crude presumption, promised that it will meet demand.

     But who bears the blame for the present condition? Who has given rise to, that this terrible Apaches their tomahawks have lifted? The whole take responsibility for the Yankees, who is also here, in their intercourse with the natives of Arizona, their names have covered with shame and dishonor, and their handiwork plain roguery and insolence have driven deception. The following facts provide evidence that that conclusion is not too hard.

When Arizona from Mexico are separated and the United States ceded was, they had a comparison search to find the Apaches, a martial Indian chen strain, since menschenheugenis with the Mexicans in hereditary enmity lived: the bloody war between the two parties rested never. Against the Americans took it, for a long time, a more friendly attitude, they, the wild, free nomads, had themselves locked into a reservation , who, in the southeast seem corner of the territory, near the borders of the mexikaanschen state of Sonora, was designated. It is said that in Arizona and New Mexico remaining Apaches tribes around 60,000 men strong: a task which very probably exaggerated. They obey to different chiefs, whose Kotchise the main one, the others are: the one-eyed Riley, Del Schay, Es-zim-and-sin and Schelter-pau. They are all in the last months enemy occurred, and steal and plunder in northern Sonora. By the boundaries of their designated area to exceed, they forced their course treaty violated: the Yankees declare now that the war of extermination against them with all emphasis will be conducted.

Now about two years ago, seemed the political pewter makers in Washington anyway to get any sense of the unwise, improper conduct of the government towards the Indians. Sensible, well-disposed men proved with unanswerable clarity, that so far, against all Indians, the ondoelmatigste and ondoordachtste way was to proceed, they showed, how outrageous these original natives of the land by the whites were mistreated, harmed and systematically deceived and deceived. They insisted on, that one simply true test would take a truly peaceful politics. The government gave it to Washington hearing, she justified her some Quakers as agents off to negotiate with the Indians and their interests. These men of peace went with the best will and intentions of the best fruits in the difficult work and they did indeed promote humanity and to the existing injustice to an end:-but all their efforts were in vain. They were a thorn in the side of the white settlers eager for land theft, and of crowds of cheaters and Schacher ass, as raptors wandering by the Territories and in every possible way the natives plundering. All these people have rechtstreeksch interest in a war against the Indians: they take the necessary supplies for the troops and rob the government. These scoundrels have, of course zealous lawyers in Congress and powerful patrons, who make common cause with them in the profits and advantages, as long as it is peace, there can be no question of who profits: thus one or other pretext must be found to war with the Indians to provoke, then go put things her way: and that is for every Yankee ights the one main thing. These people worked the well-intentioned Quakers and the few peaceful and fair planters in every possible way against, and now they onhoudbaren state in life called, by them and their bribed organs loudly proclaimed that "the red cur pests ( reduced ) "No peace is possible, and that, in the interest of civilization and Christianity (!) to be completely eradicated![199]

     From Dakota to the coast of southern Oregon, in the prairies and in the lands of the southwest, across the Indian tribes in motion, they are all the white enemy, because the Yankees against all but the most shameful manner, their word have broken, because all they are abused in a way that really cries out to heaven.

    The Apaches are seriously hurt and grievously deceived. If Kotchise now been twelve years in enmity with the Yankees alive, so he purpose for which reason all the way. It is proven that an officer of the federal troops, Bascom called treacherously, emissaries of Kotchise, with peace proposals had come to him, under an invalid excuse hanged, and that Kotchise itself only scarcely, by a hasty flight, a similar fate escaped. It truly is no wonder that he so far all flattering invitations to the "Great Father" in Washington to come and visit, the hand has pointed out: he knows from experience how the Yankees are false and treacherous. Even the peace negotiators Colyer and Howard, who still honestly believed he was not trusted, but he offered, volunteered in the designated area to retire. In the mountains where he has taken the district, one can do little against him.

In February he wandered with a few thousand of his warriors by the mexikaansche around Sonora province, where the American General Crook could not reach him. Today that region is preferably a "bloody ground," as it once was Arizona. Although even American side on several occasions openly acknowledged that the latter mainly on the side of the whites was, however, still remains the planters, the agents of government, the suppliers of the troops, the miners, in a word all those people who in an Indian war interest, with all their supporters and friends, not on the necessity and the legality of a war of extermination against the "vermin" to proclaim. Whites and Indians, it is said, can not live peacefully side by side, the Apaches are devils, the scourges of the land that must be eradicated. Within their designated lands they do not remain, they always exceed the limits, robbing and looting and damage to focus everywhere.

      It is quite true that the Apaches, when their somewhat but this is possible, their reservations to leave, and to attract the less arid regions, where they are expelled by the white settlers. Moreover, not infrequently, through the fault of both parties to conflict and bloodshed. One can not deny that many Indians "not bad", and that various heads are indeed pains, peace with the whites to maintain. "But white people do not differentiate," writes a message giver of the New York Herald , who apparently existing conditions, as far as possible, truthfully want to draw. The Indians, he says, have much to complain about. They have been forced to leave their old hunting grounds, and within barren reservations to conclude that they do not find enough to eat. They will not starve, not quiet sure that their children perish from want, while in the immediate proximity of fertile land to find that their property was used, and from which they expelled them by force. However, the federal government provides the necessary resources to provide the short coming, but the agents and other people keep a large part of what the Redskins was intended for himself. The white settlers see in it nothing wrong, they think of nothing [200]other than the damage that she has repeatedly through the fault of the Indians have suffered, and keep themselves convinced that there is no peace and security imaginable, as long as the wanted remain in their neighborhood. But the official records in the department of internal affairs in Washington teach beyond dispute, that the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, since sixteen, earnestly sought peace: and that the agents of the government repeatedly on hot permit of needful resources insisted that the natives in their designated reservations , not destitute perish. Yet in the very last time they gave their desire to know, to the Indian territory, west of Arkansas, to be allowed to withdraw because they are in their designated areas not sufficient to find food. The Apaches were, despite the bad call of special blood lust, which of them went out, friends of the Americans, when they for the first time they came into contact, when they were in 1858 some reservations distributed, they were this pleasure, expressed industrious, intelligent and capable of development and civilization. But since the Yankees the doctrine of the Mexicans were to hold that the ancient natives of the land absolutely no right to the ground and cut should be, since they that theory also diligent in practice have begun to apply, they have of course the Indians to implacable enemies, who are now in every way possible revenge on their oppressors.

In the year 1871 was a significant number of Indians at Camp Grant in Arizona united. They had no purpose other than peacefully on neighboringreservations to establish and adhere to the authority of government to submit, not a single side of their hostility was committed. One night, when she quietly in their tents were sleeping, they were by a band of whites attacked no less than one hundred to eighteen Indian women and children killed!-A few months later they released again a number of friendly-minded Apaches [201]meeting and once again there was an attempt tried to murder them all. Already had a crowd of citizens from the capital of Arizona-Tucson-accompanied by a band of Mexicans and their related Papayos Indians went on their way to that goal, then Captain Nelson gave notice of their approach, and forbade them to continue their journey. They claimed to want to search for gold: at least they had to cut up the reservation , which is expressly prohibited by law. Nelson had his soldiers march, fire and threatened to give them, when the troop came nearer: seeing that the brave soldier was serious, pulled back the cowardly murderers.

The Apaches complained that in the nocturnal assault at Camp Grant and twenty-seven of their [202]children captives were deported, of which only four have been re-rendered. Very likely the others brought to Mexico and sold there. All the trouble that the Indians gave to their children to find, remained fruitless; may have Kotchise his last trip to Mexico with the aim taken, to them, if possible, to redeem. The Apaches have become suspicious, because they have the most shameful manner deceived them with a white flag of truce approached, and thus misled them suddenly to raid and massacre them to focus.

Deserves the strictest censure, that the Indians, who remain in their designated lands, against the express prohibition of the government in, brandy sells. In drunken state they are capable of anything, true savages. The Mexicans, knowing how the Redskins are fond of strong drink, and the disastrous consequences of their use for them, provide them with their covert way: a company in which the Yankees not stay behind. American traders and vagabonds mexikaansche dishonor the women, cheat and rob the men, carry the children away. To the orders of the federal government cares about anyone. All attempts to expel these evildoers are completely proved vain, knowing that they have a lot of wealthy patrons, that the profits with them parts, they put all the laws in mockery, snood their business unhindered.

The Tolorasa-reservation , at the borders of Sonora, has Kotchise left for the Indians because they are totally unusable. They have been, as is known, against their will, forced to go thither: yet they allowed themselves this pleasure, to them the full truth became known. Now they are complaining that the area in which they had banished them, cold and unhealthy, and that there was no water to get. Nobody can deny that these complaints, in more ways than one, were entirely justified, but it is impossible for the Apaches to their former residence to bring back: because there have established whites, Indians who do not tolerate in their midst. The reservation reigns indisputably lack of water, the white settlers (Rancheros), the countries higher up along the rivers located in repossessed, and use the water to irrigate their fields, so that the fields of the Indians dry and wither, it would be their so little benefits have to till the land, there still not be counted on harvest. It is proved that in one of these reservations , about fifty Apaches within a month's time, due to the bad drinking water, died. In such circumstances, the discontent of the Indians to understand light. And when considering how countless many times the whites, the solemn commitments and promises towards them violated and as nothing, and how one can systematically on their eradication dedicated:-it is also very easy to understand that they are not much trust in a government that such scandals do not want or can not prevent.

The correspondent of the New York Herald wisely conceals his name and residence: it will make him only too well aware what a fate anyone who dares tell the truth, the white bandits ahead. He relates further that for a short time about two hundred Mormons to Arizona came, and there in the region along the 35 ° width situated where the railway is constructed, the Southern Pacific from California to the Atlantic and Pacific track should connect. He notes also very easy to right, the Mormons always and to this day still on good terms with the Indians lived. Then why others are not equally successful on peaceful terms with them to pervert?

The troops of the United States at this moment also get wrapped up with another chief, called the one-eyed Riley. The leader of the Apaches had for some time a parley with the captain Dudley, where he told him that he would like with his men to the designated reservation wanted to go, they were all staying in caves and jungles, the wanderings in the rugged hill country where life for women and children too tiring and burdensome was very faint, even the drinking water had to be there for hours to get far. Moreover, they were everywhere like wild animals hunted and persecuted, the hares and rabbits had a bearable life than they. "We are hungry, we should steal or perish from want. Your soldiers have driven us from our corn fields, the wild is rare, and we dare not to hunt, because we know that one of us lurks. Ye have slain four of my children-the tears from her eyes to him here,-but I want a big fat peace, and then roll a rock, and my side of the peace faithfully kept, until the rain rock is washed away. "Riley then asked five days, with his men, with Del-Schay and other chiefs to consult. The captain Dudley explains that during his seventeen years service in the area of the Indians, never at a Redskin had found so much common sense as they eenoogigen Riley.

In January 1873, an Apache gang by a division of the fifth regiment of cavalry attacked and while another gang was in the mountains almost completely eradicated. The latter belonged to the followers of Riley and Del-Schay. Jackson had a meeting in November 1871 with Colyer, who came on the peace negotiations, and said to him: "It pleases me no longer in the mountains to wander, I want an enduring peace and keep my word, the stones melt. God created the white man, and he also created the Apache, and Apache has as much right to this country as the white man. When I conclude a treaty, then I trust that I was wheat, pumpkin and melon seed will give, I will then sow near the old Fort Reno. When the convention closed, [203]and the commanding officer's word does not keep his word and I will hide in a hole and cover it with dirt. I promise that after the conclusion of the treaty, the white people and the soldiers their horses and mules left in the field can be, and when still a single animal is stolen by the Apaches, I want to cut his neck. However, when the Americans break the treaty, it will have no further consequences, then they go their way and I'm the mines. "

Against all Apaches, who were their reservations have left, became restless get fed; white volunteers and Indian allies, as the Pimos of the Rio Gila and the Papayos, joined the American soldiers. In September 1872, four Indian army raided places, forty Apaches slain, many wounded, the women and children time not killed but taken prisoner. A few days later by a roving gang of seventeen armed Apaches killed, in January of this year, again more than a hundred have been killed.

    "We, Americans, the war in Arizona, passed during the last twelve years, thousands of people and cost about forty million dollars: and yet it is the goal, the complete extermination of the Apaches, not yet realized. Henceforth the war much bloodier, and over a greater expanse of land spread. The insurance policies and promises of Kotchise and the other heads is no longer responsible. The white settlers urge to act decisively, and doubtless a number of Mexicans coming across the borders to fight against their hereditary enemies. The peaceful policy failed. "

   We have correspondence from the New York Herald reported extensively, because it most clearly appears from these details, how things really are, and what value they attach to Hebbe the loud declamations of the Yankees against the "wild vermin." The true "vermin" are the white thugs, thieves and land thieves, in the regions inhabited by Indians their awful craft afloat. The whole white population in the vast territory Arizona, no less than 5358 German square miles covers, amounts to scarcely ten thousand souls; the census of 1870 gives a figure of only 9658 souls.

    It is not in the least our intention, the Apaches to exonerate from all guilt, and them, in a sense, a kind of idyllic ideal-men to make, we wished to emphasize that only the white, Christian barbarians , who wear their civilization fame, in no way better than the heathen Indians, who for their part make no claim to civilization. These Indians will be the fate can not escape that they inevitably wait, and that already so countless many Indian tribes struck, nature itself has their ability Remember, another way of life to take, their steppes and prairies to say goodbye, and to in villages or cities in agriculture or handicrafts to focus. The civilization, which distinguishes them is gradually applied and are in them selves develops, but suddenly and is of her worst side of them insist,-they can not assume, in the shock one such contact about inevitably cause must, the weaker irretrievably destroyed. This can not justify the outrageous conduct of the whites, not that of their majority, in every respect, so horrific abuse; and instead of according to ability to attempt this disastrous tribes to save and preserve what is still conserved, with all possible means of hastening their demise.

The Apaches are two large groups, which again in many smaller clans or tribes split, each have their own chief. They are very widespread in the southwestern United States and in the northern regions of Mexico. The Apaches, to the east of the Rio del Norte are resident Mescaleros , named after one of the main constituents of their diet, the mescal , which is baked root of the maguey, the agave americana . The large group is more numerous, who said river to the west of the stops, especially in Arizona. They call them Coyoteros because it primarily from the flesh of the jackal of the prairies, the coyote , life. All Apaches were nomads, for a good part of robbery and plunder life, they carry their tents with them, and only in recent years some have, to urge the audience of strangers giving, devoted themselves to agriculture. Those tests are as a rule failed because a resistant, sustained efficacy with their whole nature is contrary: they can not arrange it.

With the Mexicans they live, as we have said, traditionally in enmity, they were always and still are the greatest enemies of the planters, whose herds they continually rob, they themselves have neither sense nor talent for farming. They extend their incursions to Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango and even to be as follows: for all these frontier countries these Apaches become a veritable scourge. The persecutions and abuse which they had undergone the Mexicans, finally have the result that the whole vast region of New Mexico to Durango, through them, to become a wilderness. They can not and will not starve, and therefore they can not continually live in peace.

    All Indians of the prairies on this side and beyond the Rocky Mountains, are now for the whites, and in the first place through the fault of the whites themselves, implacable foes and intolerable wrong. They have repeatedly raided and plundered whole wagon trains, and whole divisions of troops to flee.Homicide goes its course unhindered, and it gives one party of the other nothing. Then, now about five and twenty years ago, the United States at war [204]were in Mexico, came the Apaches everywhere in motion, they flooded the whole State Zacatecas, marched through the gates of the capital city and  some whites in the middle of the market. Sonora was entirely in their power, in the city Oputo they brought in one day one hundred to two thirty-whites to sustain life; the Yaquis stormed the port Guaymas on the Gulf of California; the Opatas overpowered Hermosillo, and had himself Pimos Los Ures nested. In the east appeared the rider bands of the Comanches in the city of Austin in Texas, and put their raids continued until the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, everywhere plundering, blazing and fierce, while at the same ferocious war cry of other Indian bands on the prairies north resounded from the Arkansas River.

    The extermination of these savages is no easy task, the experience has only now have learned regarding the little tribe of Modocs, which the Yankees just became treacherous and poorly treated. Enemies, those thousands of riders in the field can bring and, on their swift horses sat in flying parties run fifty miles a day on the grassy plains of the prairie or arid steppe accountable, are not easy to achieve and even harder to beat. The initiated war of extermination will have many a sacrifice progress and streams of blood to flow, will lead to unprecedented atrocities and appalling wickedness lead, the American republic, by many who did not know, so unwisely praised a new, heavy blood debt to loading; -yet the result is not doubtful. The Indians can be in the new states by the continued reduction of civilization, or at least that what is ahead, become inevitable, not to settle, they can their nature that no changes, therefore they will also, as already so many of their brethren and fellow tribesmen, irretrievably destroyed.